The perfect stride may be a myth – even for the greatest of athletes
For all of us who love watching sport, the vision of an athlete in full flight as they stride gracefully to a gold medal is a joy to behold. The speed and power produced by the perfectly timed stride seems effortless as the athlete appears almost to glide across the track. Every muscle and every limb seems to be perfectly coordinated in the effort to produce maximum return and it is what the experts describe as symmetry.
We have this idea of athletes – particularly those in the elite class – as being perfectly symmetric in terms of their muscle function, movement of limbs and their running gait. It is easy to understand that for an athlete to be in such top condition and reach peak performance their body must be working as a coordinated unit, much like the engine of a car needs all the parts working together to produce the right speed. As with a lot of things in sport, it doesn’t always come automatically and that is why coaches, sports scientists and athletes themselves devote countless hours trying to perfect their stride to ensure maximum performance.
One study carried out to which highlights the importance of symmetry is Lower Body Symmetry and Running Performance in Elite Jamaican Track and Field Athletes which analyzed the degree of lower body symmetry in 73 elite Jamaican track and field athletes and concluded that
Within 100m sprinters, the results suggest that those with more symmetrical knees and ankles ran faster. Altogether, our work confirms earlier findings that knee and probably ankle symmetry are positively associated with sprinting performance, while extending these findings to elite athletes
However, what might appear to be the perfect stride may not always be the case as recent studies have suggested that the idea of an athlete in perfect symmetry is not always the case.
Usain Bolt proves that perfect symmetry is hard to find
OK, so you may be tempted to think that if there are athletes who are affected by asymmetry, they are most likely to the be lesser lights or those who just don’t make it to the top. However, what if somebody suggested that one of the greatest athletes of all time did not fit into the normal convention of what is accepted as being symmetric? Even better, what if that athlete was none other than multiple Olympic champions, Usain Bolt?
As strange as it may seem, a recent study suggests that despite being the fastest man on the planet and the most decorated sprinter of all time, it would appear that his technique was not without its flaws. It has been assumed that if an athlete’s style was asymmetric it would restrict their speed and affect performance, but this research would obviously cast that assertion into doubt. The existence of an asymmetric style in the world’s fastest man will lead experts to question if this significant asymmetry is the reason why Bolt achieves such speed, as opposed to being a hindrance.
The study carried out by the Southern Methodist University in Dallas and discussed in Does symmetry matter for speed? Study finds Usain Bolt may have asymmetrical running gait, reveals that Bolt has an asymmetrical running gait as a result of his legs working differently. The researchers analysed how hard each foot hits the ground by measuring the impulse of each foot, with impulse being a combination of the amount of force applied to the ground multiplied by the time of foot-ground contact. The importance of impulse is that it determines a runner’s time in the air between steps. One of the researchers, Udofa summed up the findings by suggesting:
The manner in which Bolt achieves his impulses seems to vary from leg to leg. Both the timing and magnitude of force application differed between legs in the steps we have analyzed so far
This research that perfect symmetry is not essential for sport is backed up by another example – Olympic 100m bronze medallist, Andre De Grasse. As explained in the article In perfect asymmetry by Rachel Brady, an analysis of his running style shows that his arm movement is not symmetric. This leads to experts asking if he could run even faster with a symmetric arm swing, but the counter argument is that trying to correct it as this stage could affect his performance.
The is key is to minimize the effects of asymmetry
Given these two high profiles of asymmetric styles it is no surprise to learn that the idea of perfect symmetry is one that is challenged by Dr Irene Davis, Director of the Spaulding National Running Center, who suggests that all athletes are affected by asymmetry but the challenge is to minimize the effect.
This theory is explored by Ian McMahan in The Effect of Asymmetry On Running Performance and Injury Prevention.
The article looks at the work of Dr Davis, who dismisses the idea of achieving perfect symmetry as being “impossible and unrealistic”. She states that we have to accept that asymmetry exists in all athletes but the important questions are how much exists and what effect that will have on the athlete.
What we don’t know is how much asymmetry is normal and how much we can tolerate before it becomes a problem
It certainly has sparked a real debate that is sure to continue. Perhaps Bolt’s asymmetry is a factor in reaching such speed, or perhaps he is the exception that proves the rule and his alternative style only goes to further underline what a phenomenal athlete he is. With greater symmetry in his running gait would he have been able to run even faster?
References
The Effect of Asymmetry On Running Performance and Injury Prevention by Ian McMahan
Does symmetry matter for speed? Study finds Usain Bolt may have asymmetrical running gait
In perfect asymmetry by Rachel Brady
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