Pressure from parents is one of main causes of early specialization
The area of early specialization by children in sport is an issue that has been debated by sport scientists across the globe and it is a subject we have looked at from a number of different angles over the years. There are many reasons for children dedicating themselves to one sport but there is a growing body of evidence that parental pressure is one of the main causes. The consensus among many experts is that early specialization should be avoided in the majority of sports for a variety of reasons.
Why diversify?
In a previous blog The role of sports specialization in overuse injury the benefits of pursuing a diversity of sports are made clear as it points out that
Over-training young athletes, especially in a specific sport, will likely lead to injury and may permanently compromise an athlete’s performance and/or long-term health. It is often recommended that sport specialization should be discouraged until the athlete is a senior in high school. Overuse injuries, surgeries, and permanent damage are all common physical consequences of over-training and sport specialization. Mentally, children will become less motivated and ‘burnt out’, stripping them of the benefits of youth sports
Meanwhile, in Early Specialization: Nine Reasons Why It Is a Bad Idea Brooke De Lench lists the following reasons as to why it is a bad idea:
- Interferes with healthy child development
- Comes with psychological risk from stress associated with over-involvement and expectations of parents and significant others
- Doesn’t guarantee future athletic success
- Hurts, rather than helps, skill development
- Is elitist
- Leads to overuse injuries
- Promotes adult values and interests, not those of children
- Increases the chances that the child will suffer burnout and quit sports
- Reduces the chance that children will stay active in sports as adults
Diversification may not be straightforward
However, the difficulty is that while it may be easy to argue the theory of diversification in sport, sometimes it is not straightforward for the athlete to follow that advice. Therefore, I think it is worth looking at some of the pressures that young athletes face from coaches, parents and themselves that combine to prompt them to specialize in a particular sport. Sometimes an athlete or their parents may be fully aware of the benefits of taking part in different sports, but still end up going down a particular path.
There are a lot of pressures that can be hard to avoid and there may be valid reasons as to why a child may be limited to one particular sport. These can include time pressures – for example parents’ jobs may not allow them the time to travel to multiple sports activities – while the fact that there may be a number of children in one household playing sports makes it impossible for all to play multi-sports. On top of this, there is the financial cost of travel and equipment that makes it difficult for parents to sustain. The young players may also be under time pressure due to study commitments and other interests such as music lessons.
Pressure to specialize
While these factors are understandable, there is no doubt that a problem exists where children are being forced to specialize at an early age and a lot of this comes down to pushy coaches, but probably worst of all, pushy parents. Unfortunately, not all coaches are involved solely for the good of the children and are overly competitive as they see success as reflecting well on them, and perhaps a route to furthering their coaching careers. As a result, they discourage children from staying involved in other sports and put the pressure on their athletes – subtly or otherwise – to devote all their energy to one sport.
Why do parents encourage early specialization?
However, while this is certainly an issue that needs to be addressed, it would appear that it is parents who put the greatest pressure on children to specialize. Some of the reasons why parents go down this route include the following:
- Many parents believe that their child has the ability to reach the elite level and are attracted by the fame and rewards that go along with this. As a result, they put pressure on the child to put all their energy into one sport out of fear that without intense practice and year-round dedication they will not develop the skills necessary to reach the top
- Parents believe that unless a child is involved in an academy or select programme, they will fall behind in terms of development. It has been stated that in doing this, parents are going against their own instincts which suggest that diversification will boost the child’s development
- The pursuit of college scholarships is another reason why parents want their children to excel at a particular sport. This is understandable given that Autumn Allison reminds us in Specialization forcing younger athletes to pick one sport, stick with it that
Average annual tuition costs for college range from $8,893 at an in-state public university to upwards of $30,094 at a private institution
However she warns that some perspective is required when attaching too much hope to this pursuit when adding:
In reality, approximately 2 percent of high school athletes will receive some form of athletic scholarship, according to the NCAA’s website. That number is even lower for full-ride athletic scholarships, which are often tied to the moneymaking sports: football and basketball
Education is required
While most parents are well-intentioned and are aiming to do their best for their children, they may be unaware that in forcing early specialization they could be doing more harm than good. As a result, it is important that they are aware of the dangers involved, along with the benefits of diversification to their overall development. Of course, there will be a time when athletes need to specialize but knowing when to do it is vital. According to Sue Hunt, chief marketing officer at the USTA, the key to dealing with the problem of early specialization is education as she points out:
We hope that by coming out and saying multi-sport play is really what’s best for children, that parents and coaches will be better educated and will end this growing trend.
Early specialization and winning is really about the parents. The kids just want to have fun.
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ReferencesWhy Kids Shouldn’t Specialize in One Sport by Jennifer Breheny Wallace
Early Specialization: Nine Reasons Why It Is a Bad Idea by Brooke De Lench
Specialization forcing younger athletes to pick one sport, stick with it by Autumn Allison
Hyperspecialization Is Ruining Youth Sports—And the Kids Who Play Them by David Epstein
Pushing too hard too young by Jacqueline Stenson
Steph Curry & Fear-Driven Early Sport Specialization by Joe Haefner
The role of sports specialization in overuse injury | Metrifit blog