Mind your head – Concussion in Sport
Concussion in sport is one of the most contemporary topics discussed from a safety point of view. The ramifications associated with this type of injury can be severe, and as such, it’s an injury which requires in-depth investigation, right from the mechanisms which can cause such injury, to the long-lasting effects that can appear as a result of head trauma during sport. This article will look at the causes and effect of concussion in sport, and some of the modern precautions which are currently being implemented to try and combat this.
Initially it must be established what exactly concussion is (particularly in sport) and what are its causes. A concussion is a type of traumatic brain injury, caused by a bump, blow, or jolt to the head that can change the way your brain normally works. A concussion is an injury to the brain caused by a sudden acceleration or deceleration force, and concussions occur in many different sports. While an athlete does not need to hit his or her head to suffer a concussion, hits to the head— against another person, a ball, or the ground—are common causes. The brain moves inside the skull, and the sudden movement can cause the brain to swell. It may not be obvious to parents, coaches, trainers and athletes immediately how bad the head injury is, so if a concussion is at all suspected, the athlete needs to stop with the practice or the game. The most serious concussion symptoms could be associated with a more severe head injury, such as bleeding into the brain. Athletes with the following “red flag” symptoms need emergency care:
• Increasing confusion or headaches;
• Vomiting, double vision or unequal pupils;
• Irritability or behaviour change; and
• Drowsiness or fading in and out of consciousness
Concussions on the field of play can also be graded depending on its severity. Concussions are graded as mild (grade 1), moderate (grade 2), or severe (grade 3), depending on such factors as loss of consciousness, amnesia, and loss of equilibrium. In a grade 1 concussion, symptoms last for less than 15 minutes. There is no loss of consciousness. With a grade 2 concussion, there is no loss of consciousness but symptoms last longer than 15 minutes. In a grade 3 concussion, the athlete loses consciousness, sometimes just for a few seconds. Concussions can have serious and long-term health effects, and even a seemingly mild ‘ding’ or a bump on the head can be serious. Reports suggest that depending on the severity of the concussion, the effects could last for up to a number of years.
Some of the contemporary methods that are being tested and employed to deal with concussion have the potential to be ground-breaking in nature. For example, in the NFL in America, The National Operating Committee on Standards for Athletic Equipment (NOCSAE), have revised the standards on which testing is applied to football helmets in relation to forces causing concussion. This is to ensure that this year’s NFL helmets are designed in such a way to decrease the chances of concussion. Even some of the fundamental rules of the game have been changed in an attempt to curb the incidences of concussion – no longer are players permitted to launch themselves off the ground and using their helmet to strike a player in a defenceless posture in the head or neck. The old rule only applied to receivers getting hit, but now it will apply to everyone.
The Premier League in England has produced new rules and regulations this year in relation to dealing with concussion. The Premier League set up a medical working group to focus on head injuries, and their recommendations have already been addressed by Premier League clubs who agreed to new rules and policies being introduced for the 2014/15 Barclays Premier League season, including:
- Premier League Rules making clear that when a serious head injury is suffered on the pitch (in matches or training) that the ruling of the doctor/medical practitioner is final.
- The role of “Tunnel Doctors” (it is a new requirement for all Premier League matches to include a Tunnel Doctor) will include supporting the home and/or away team doctors in helping recognise the signs of concussion.
- Making it mandatory for all Premier League medical staff to carry the Concussion Recognition Tool
- Annual baseline testing should take place on each Premier League player
Advanced technology including helmet concussion sensors and even mouthguards to measure player head impact are being released across certain sports as they continue to reduce the prevalence of concussion. It’s clear that concussion is a serious problem, especially in contact sports, however, it’s a problem that is being tackled from many different angles.
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